University of Isfahan Textual Criticism of Persian Literature 2476-3268 15 4 2023 12 22 Introduction to the Amadname and Safwat al-Masader Versions with Analysis of the Persian Grammar Teaching Method Introduction to the Amadname and Safwat al-Masader Versions with Analysis of the Persian Grammar Teaching Method 111 132 27960 10.22108/rpll.2023.137299.2220 FA Seyyd Hamed Naghdi Beyki Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan. Iran Arsalan Bahari Department of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamadan. Iran Journal Article 2023 04 10 Persian grammar has a long history in the Indian subcontinent. The influence of Iranian culture and the Persian language in the Indian subcontinent has led many people to seek education by learning this language, thus, the development of Persian language education. Amadnames and Safwat al-Masader are among the works written in the subcontinent of India for teaching Persian grammar, specifically in the direction of source derivation in Persian. In this study, first, a brief overview of the influence of culture and the Persian language in India and the tradition of Amadname writing is presented, next, the introduction of handwritten and lithographic versions of these works, the explanation of each, and the correction of selected sections containing important aspects of source derivation and classification methods are assessed, and then the methods of these works are compared to reveal their differences and similarities. A comparison is made between the methods of these works and two important historical works in Persian grammar, namely, Jam'e al-Fawaid and Dastur-e Sokhan, and their similarities and differences are highlighted. In general, this study critically evaluates the scientific reasons, characteristics, and drawbacks of these works. Introduction The issue of when and by whom the first written Persian grammar was written is still not definitively answered. The year of writing the comprehensive work Jam'e al-Fawaid, is 1185 AH, indicating that years before the writing of Dastur-e Sokhan by Mirza Habib Isfahani in Istanbul, this work was written in India. According to some researchers, the book Jam'e al-Fawaid predates Mirza Habib's grammar by at least 100 years. However, Minhaj al-Talib, written by Muhammad ibn Hakim Zainimi Shendoni in China, predates Jam'e al-Fawaid and was written about a hundred years earlier, in 1070 AH. Another notable work written about teaching Persian grammar in the subcontinent is Nahj al-Adab, written by Najm al-Ghani Khan Rampuri, though it is not one of the introductory books in this field, it is a comprehensive work and its scientific writing method has influenced all authors in this field. Methods and Materials In this study, the introduction of Amadname and Safwat al-Masader's works and a comparison of their methods are discussed and assessed. These works are compared with the sources mentioned above, namely Minhaj al-Talib, Jam'e al-Fawaid, and Nahj al-Adab. Findings The tradition of writing Persian grammar books in the subcontinent was widespread, with multiple versions written by different authors at different times. The focus of Persian language educators in the Indian subcontinent on the conjugation of Persian sources was undeniable and significant. This emphasis can be attributed to their traditional approach to grammar and their attention to Arabic morphology and syntax, which are essential in the Persian language. The Amadname and Safwat al-Masader versions of Persian grammar share similarities in their teaching methods, following a common pattern. The method of source conjugation in Safwat al-Masader is more organized and comprehensive. Both versions have drawbacks like lack of comprehensiveness in conjugating all forms (except for Safwat al-Masader), focusing only on source conjugation, and neglecting other grammatical concepts, leading to confusion in presenting the material (mostly in Amadname) compared to the earliest written Persian grammar books. The Amadname and Safwat al-Masader versions are significant as they are among the earliest sources that specifically attempt to systematize source conjugation and Persian grammar. Discussion and Conclusions Comparing the Amadname and Safwat al-Masader versions with three important books on grammar in the Indian subcontinent and China, namely Minhaj al-Talib, Jam'e al-Fawaid, and Nahj al-Adab, yielded the following results: It appears that unlike the mentioned three books, the Amadname and Safwat al-Masader were not written by renowned and specialized scholars. They seem to have been written superficially with the main focus on source conjugation. The lack of comprehensiveness in these versions, their focus on specific grammatical topics, and the textual deficiencies in these works in those specific areas could be the reasons for such an argument Considering the timing of the authorship of Minhaj al-Talib and Jam'e al-Fawaid, and the specific similarities between these books and some of the issues raised in the Amadname versions, like the conjugation of certain sources and reference to phonetic changes, it allows us to assume that these two books were sources for the authors of the Amadname versions All in all, the Amadname and Safwat al-Masader versions of Persian grammar provide valuable insights into the teaching methods used in the Indian subcontinent. Further research and analysis of these works can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the development Persian grammar has a long history in the Indian subcontinent. The influence of Iranian culture and the Persian language in the Indian subcontinent has led many people to seek education by learning this language, thus, the development of Persian language education. Amadnames and Safwat al-Masader are among the works written in the subcontinent of India for teaching Persian grammar, specifically in the direction of source derivation in Persian. In this study, first, a brief overview of the influence of culture and the Persian language in India and the tradition of Amadname writing is presented, next, the introduction of handwritten and lithographic versions of these works, the explanation of each, and the correction of selected sections containing important aspects of source derivation and classification methods are assessed, and then the methods of these works are compared to reveal their differences and similarities. A comparison is made between the methods of these works and two important historical works in Persian grammar, namely, Jam'e al-Fawaid and Dastur-e Sokhan, and their similarities and differences are highlighted. In general, this study critically evaluates the scientific reasons, characteristics, and drawbacks of these works. Introduction The issue of when and by whom the first written Persian grammar was written is still not definitively answered. The year of writing the comprehensive work Jam'e al-Fawaid, is 1185 AH, indicating that years before the writing of Dastur-e Sokhan by Mirza Habib Isfahani in Istanbul, this work was written in India. According to some researchers, the book Jam'e al-Fawaid predates Mirza Habib's grammar by at least 100 years. However, Minhaj al-Talib, written by Muhammad ibn Hakim Zainimi Shendoni in China, predates Jam'e al-Fawaid and was written about a hundred years earlier, in 1070 AH. Another notable work written about teaching Persian grammar in the subcontinent is Nahj al-Adab, written by Najm al-Ghani Khan Rampuri, though it is not one of the introductory books in this field, it is a comprehensive work and its scientific writing method has influenced all authors in this field. Methods and Materials In this study, the introduction of Amadname and Safwat al-Masader's works and a comparison of their methods are discussed and assessed. These works are compared with the sources mentioned above, namely Minhaj al-Talib, Jam'e al-Fawaid, and Nahj al-Adab. Findings The tradition of writing Persian grammar books in the subcontinent was widespread, with multiple versions written by different authors at different times. The focus of Persian language educators in the Indian subcontinent on the conjugation of Persian sources was undeniable and significant. This emphasis can be attributed to their traditional approach to grammar and their attention to Arabic morphology and syntax, which are essential in the Persian language. The Amadname and Safwat al-Masader versions of Persian grammar share similarities in their teaching methods, following a common pattern. The method of source conjugation in Safwat al-Masader is more organized and comprehensive. Both versions have drawbacks like lack of comprehensiveness in conjugating all forms (except for Safwat al-Masader), focusing only on source conjugation, and neglecting other grammatical concepts, leading to confusion in presenting the material (mostly in Amadname) compared to the earliest written Persian grammar books. The Amadname and Safwat al-Masader versions are significant as they are among the earliest sources that specifically attempt to systematize source conjugation and Persian grammar. Discussion and Conclusions Comparing the Amadname and Safwat al-Masader versions with three important books on grammar in the Indian subcontinent and China, namely Minhaj al-Talib, Jam'e al-Fawaid, and Nahj al-Adab, yielded the following results: It appears that unlike the mentioned three books, the Amadname and Safwat al-Masader were not written by renowned and specialized scholars. They seem to have been written superficially with the main focus on source conjugation. The lack of comprehensiveness in these versions, their focus on specific grammatical topics, and the textual deficiencies in these works in those specific areas could be the reasons for such an argument Considering the timing of the authorship of Minhaj al-Talib and Jam'e al-Fawaid, and the specific similarities between these books and some of the issues raised in the Amadname versions, like the conjugation of certain sources and reference to phonetic changes, it allows us to assume that these two books were sources for the authors of the Amadname versions All in all, the Amadname and Safwat al-Masader versions of Persian grammar provide valuable insights into the teaching methods used in the Indian subcontinent. Further research and analysis of these works can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the development

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_27960_f89c578ee0bc0e369506be1293a17fb8.pdf