دانشگاه اصفهان متن شناسی ادب فارسی 2476-3268 18 2 2026 06 22 Ideological Stylistics of the Component of Divine Justice in Saadi’s Poem with a Theological Approach سبک‌شناسی اندیشگانی مؤلفة عدل الهی در شعر سعدی با رویکرد کلامی 19 36 30201 10.22108/rpll.2026.146110.2482 FA عباس شاه‌علی رامشه دانش‌آموختة دکتری گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکدة ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران رضا شجری دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکدة ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران رضا روحانی دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکدة ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران حسین قربانپور آرانی دانشیار گروه زبان و ادبیات فارسی، دانشکدة ادبیات و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه کاشان، کاشان، ایران Journal Article 2025 09 22 Abstract Ideological stylistics with a theological approach is a layered stylistic method that serves to analyze and understand the ideological positions of the text, and specifically the ideological and theological components of speech, and clarifies the relationship of the ideological layer of the text with other phonetic, lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical layers. In this study, the authors, using this comprehensive and detailed method, have examined the component of divine justice in Saadi’s works. First, they have shown the types of ideological norms in the field of intellectual or religious goodness and ugliness, the nature of divine justice, the types of theories on the permissibility or obligation of goodness and rightness on God, or the non-obligation of goodness and rightness on God, along with its examples. Then, based on that, they have studied the theological stylistics of the component of divine justice in Saadi's works. In the final analysis, it is concluded that Saadi's thought in the component of divine justice is aligned with Ash'arite ideology, and the traces of this influence at the lexical level are clearly evident in the network of words "justice/oppression", "owner/property/property", "ruler/ruling", and "eternal judgment/writing". As this influence is shown in the syntactic layer of speech by the poet's use of conditional sentences and God being in the position of "actor" and servants and creatures being in the position of "object", in explaining the absolute divine will, this influence is finally manifested in the rhetorical layer of speech by the poet's use of "subordinate metaphor" and "pluralism". Keywords: Ideological Stylistics, Islamic Theology, Divine Justice, Saadi's Poem. Introduction Divine justice is one of the most significant and problematic theological components among the adherents of Islamic sects (Ashʿarites, Muʿtazilites, Shiʿa, Kharijites, Karramiyya, Murjiʾa, and their sub-sects). It has overshadowed other doctrinal elements such as the problem of evil, belief in the Resurrection and divine promises and threats, the permissibility or impermissibility of imposing obligations beyond human capacity, the permissibility or impermissibility of punishment, eternal or non-eternal damnation in Hell, divine grace, favor, pleasure, pain, and so forth within the Muslim theological system. Considering that many of the studies conducted so far on the manifestation of theological issues in Persian poetry have not been free from generalizations and prejudgments, the present research proposes the method of “intellectual stylistics with a theological approach” and analyzes and explains the issue of divine justice in Saʿdi’s poetry. Materials and Methods This study has been carried out using descriptive-comparative and analytical methods, and its data have been collected through documentary-library research (major theological works of the main sects and specific books of the sub-sects). Furthermore, the theological analysis of Saʿdi’s poetry has been conducted using the author’s proposed method (theological stylistics). Research Findings Examining the manifestation of Islamic theology in Persian poetry, and specifically the component of divine justice in Saʿdi’s poetry, leads us to the following findings: Previous studies on the manifestation of theology in Persian poetry, and particularly on divine justice in Saʿdi’s poetry, have not been free from generalizations and prejudgments. Consequently, researchers have failed to assess the relationship between the “intellectual layer” and other layers—lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical. Therefore, the authors propose the method of “intellectual stylistics with a theological approach” for analyzing Persian poetry from a doctrinal perspective. The doctrinal disagreements among sectarian scholars regarding divine justice are not limited to inter-sectarian differences among the major sects; rather, internal disagreements also exist within the sects themselves. In their method of intellectual stylistics with a theological approach, the authors demonstrate these differences in detail concerning issues such as: the nature of good and evil, whether good and evil are rational or scriptural, the nature of divine justice, various theories regarding the permissibility, obligation, or non-obligation of ṣalāḥ and aṣlaḥ (the best and most beneficial) upon God, and the different instances of the obligation or non-obligation of ṣalāḥ and aṣlaḥ upon God. Saʿdi’s thought on divine justice, across the three layers—lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical—shows compatibility and alignment with the Ashʿarite intellectual system, particularly that of Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Based on stylistic analyses and inferences, the Ashʿarite intellectual system, especially that of Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī, can be traced in Saʿdi’s poetry across the three layers—lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical: Lexical Layer: Words such as ʿadl (justice) and jawr (injustice) reflect the Ashʿarite view that if an evil act proceeds from God, it is deemed good and is itself justice. Terms like mālik (owner), mulk (kingdom), amlāk (properties), and mamlūk (possessed) in Saʿdi’s poetry indicate the firm Ashʿarite arguments, especially those of Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī, regarding God’s ownership, His free will in His actions, and the non-obligation of ṣalāḥ and aṣlaḥ upon Him. Words such as ḥākim (judge/ruler) and ḥukm kardan (to judge) express the concept of scriptural good and evil in the Ashʿarite system, wherein God is the absolute ruler, and whatever He wills of good or evil for His servants is truth. Likewise, expressions such as qalam raftan (the pen has moved) and God’s eternal decree signify the Ashʿarite belief that divine will and predestination are inevitable. Syntactic Layer: Conditional sentences in Saʿdi’s poetry are employed to explain God’s free and unconditional will, which is the foundation of Ashʿarite thought. In such propositions, God is always in the position of “agent”, while servants and creatures occupy the position of “object”. Rhetorical Layer: Saʿdi’s poetry uses the metaphor of “subordination” to express the concept of God’s absolute control and dominion in Ashʿarite thought, as well as the rhetorical device of “collective expression” to illustrate the acceptance of God’s unconditional will and dominion by His servants within the Ashʿarite intellectual framework. سبک‌شناسی اندیشگانی با رویکرد کلامی، از شیوه‌های سبک‌شناسی لایه‌ای است که در خدمت تحلیل و فهم مواضع اعتقادی متن و به‌طور خاص مؤلفه‌های اعتقادی و کلامی سخن قرار می‌گیرد و ارتباط لایة ایدئوژیک متن را با دیگر لایه‌های آوایی، واژگانی، نحوی و بلاغی روشن می‌کند؛ کیفیت و سهم هر لایه را در تقویت لایة اندیشگانی سخن می‌سنجد و مانع کلّی‌گویی‌ها و پیش‌داوری‌ها در تعیین مواضع اعتقادی متن می‌شود. نویسندگان در این نوشتار با بهره‌گیری از این شیوة جامع و جزئی‌نگر، به بررسی مؤلفة عدل الهی در آثار سعدی پرداخته‌اند؛ نخست انواع هنجارهای عقیدتی را در حوزة حُسن و قبح عقلی یا شرعی، ماهیّت عدل الهی، انواع نظریه‌ها در باب جواز یا وجوب صلاح و اصلح بر پروردگار یا عدم وجوب صلاح و اصلح بر پروردگار به‌همراه مصادیق آن نشان ‌داده‌اند و سپس بر اساس آن، به سبک‌شناسی کلامی مؤلفة عدل الهی در آثار سعدی پرداخته‌اند. در تحلیل نهایی چنین استنباط می‌شود که اندیشة سعدی در مؤلفة عدل الهی با اعتقاد اشاعره همسویی دارد و ردّپای این اثرپذیری در سطح واژگانی، به‌روشنی در شبکة واژگان (عدل/ جور)، (مالک/ مُلک/ املاک)، (حاکم/ حکم‌کردن) و (قضای ازلی/ قلم‌رفتن) آشکار می‌شود. همچنان که این اثرپذیری در لایة نحوی سخن با بهره‌گیری شاعر از (جملات شرطی) و (در جایگاه «فاعل» بودن خداوند و در جایگاه «مفعول» بودن بندگان و مخلوقات) در تبیین مشیّت مطلق و بی‌چون و چرای الهی خود را نشان می‌دهد و درنهایت این اثرپذیری در لایة بلاغی سخن با بهره‌گیری شاعر از (استعارة تبعیه) و (صنعت جمع) نمود می‌یابد.

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_30201_705c4089c97272abef5af8b4ab6ee4d2.pdf