University of Isfahan Textual Criticism of Persian Literature 2476-3268 3 3 2011 09 23 An Investigation of ‘Acceptance of Self, Others and Nature’ in Ghazaliat Hafez from Maslow’s Perspective. An Investigation of ‘Acceptance of Self, Others and Nature’ in Ghazaliat Hafez from Maslow’s Perspective. 1 18 19298 FA A.A Bagheri Khalili Associated Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Mazandaran M Mehrabi Kally MA of Persian language and literature Journal Article 2016 06 14 Religious thinkers and scholars, based on their peculiar dispositions, have considered the wise, strong, weak, insightful etc person as the model of Perfect Man. In the twentieth century, Behaviorism, Psychoanalysis and Humanism have made it possible to pay more objective attention to human character. Psychoanalysis sees man as a product of his instinct, and Behaviorism of his environment. While disapproving the two theories, Maslow (1908-1970) considers man to be essentially good and in constant search of Self-actualization. He sees behavior as arising from needs which he classifies into five categories: 1) physiological needs 2) safety and security 3) love and belonging 4) self-esteem 5) Self-actualization. Maslow cites several attributes of Self-actualized people and the present paper addresses two of them in Ghazaliat Hafez: 1) better perception of reality 2) acceptance of Self, others and nature. From Hafez’s viewpoint, the world is the most enigmatic phenomenon to be understood. Despite being aware of the world instability, he never reads it as he desires but interprets it differently. His Self acceptance includes: 1) poetic skill 2) taking responsibility of one’s actions 3) hopefulness. His knowledge that frailties can be compensated is the core of his acceptance of Self, others and nature. Religious thinkers and scholars, based on their peculiar dispositions, have considered the wise, strong, weak, insightful etc person as the model of Perfect Man. In the twentieth century, Behaviorism, Psychoanalysis and Humanism have made it possible to pay more objective attention to human character. Psychoanalysis sees man as a product of his instinct, and Behaviorism of his environment. While disapproving the two theories, Maslow (1908-1970) considers man to be essentially good and in constant search of Self-actualization. He sees behavior as arising from needs which he classifies into five categories: 1) physiological needs 2) safety and security 3) love and belonging 4) self-esteem 5) Self-actualization. Maslow cites several attributes of Self-actualized people and the present paper addresses two of them in Ghazaliat Hafez: 1) better perception of reality 2) acceptance of Self, others and nature. From Hafez’s viewpoint, the world is the most enigmatic phenomenon to be understood. Despite being aware of the world instability, he never reads it as he desires but interprets it differently. His Self acceptance includes: 1) poetic skill 2) taking responsibility of one’s actions 3) hopefulness. His knowledge that frailties can be compensated is the core of his acceptance of Self, others and nature.

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_19298_ddbdc914f0ac1817c99da1ebe5603f1e.pdf

University of Isfahan Textual Criticism of Persian Literature 2476-3268 3 3 2011 09 23 Types, Levels and Uses of Light in Mathnavi Types, Levels and Uses of Light in Mathnavi 19 34 19299 FA R Rouhani Associate Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Kashan E Arabshahi MA in Persian language and literature, University of Kashan Journal Article 2016 06 14 Light is one of the most important topics in Islamic mysticism and it is also one of the most popular theoretical-theological issues among theologians and philosophers. Among Muslim mystics, Jalal-o-Din Mohammd Molavi has paid attention to this issue a lot and used it for expressing various epistemological and monotheist goals. Under the influence of Islamic culture and its main sources (the Quran and hadith), he investigated types and levels of light (permanent vs. transient light). While explaining these issues, the authors of this article study the secular and eschatological functions and uses of light in Mathnavi and try to compare the optical thought of Molavi with other mystics, and explain some of their similarities and differences. Authors show that, by using this central mystical element and through personal experiences, Molana describes and explains elusive and difficult epistemological problems to his addressees in a simple and intelligible manner and persuades them to acquire light and knowledge of the Self for passing the difficult course of the Path. Light is one of the most important topics in Islamic mysticism and it is also one of the most popular theoretical-theological issues among theologians and philosophers. Among Muslim mystics, Jalal-o-Din Mohammd Molavi has paid attention to this issue a lot and used it for expressing various epistemological and monotheist goals. Under the influence of Islamic culture and its main sources (the Quran and hadith), he investigated types and levels of light (permanent vs. transient light). While explaining these issues, the authors of this article study the secular and eschatological functions and uses of light in Mathnavi and try to compare the optical thought of Molavi with other mystics, and explain some of their similarities and differences. Authors show that, by using this central mystical element and through personal experiences, Molana describes and explains elusive and difficult epistemological problems to his addressees in a simple and intelligible manner and persuades them to acquire light and knowledge of the Self for passing the difficult course of the Path.

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_19299_341d3fa4950e9f6c7d52ca391f0ead71.pdf

University of Isfahan Textual Criticism of Persian Literature 2476-3268 3 3 2011 09 23 Actant Pattern in Some of Masnavi's Theological Narratives (Based on Algirdas Greimas’ Theory of Actant Pattern) Actant Pattern in Some of Masnavi's Theological Narratives (Based on Algirdas Greimas’ Theory of Actant Pattern) 35 46 19300 FA J Moshayedi Associate Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Arak R Azad PhD candidate of Persian language and literature, University of Arak Journal Article 2016 06 14 In narratology, characters are considered as part of overall structure of text and are subject to predetermined actions. Thus, for analyzing characters, first of all, a pattern of their action area should be gained. Algirdas Julien Greimas is among those narratologists who gained such a pattern. Greimas believes his actant pattern is universal and compatible with any kind of narrative. On the other hand, the theme of narrative can somehow affect its structure. In this article, with respect to universality of Greimas’ pattern and its compatibility with any kind of narrative, some narratives of first and second book of Masnavi which have theological theme were selected to show what would happen during the confrontation of theological narratives and actant pattern as a part of structure, and through this confrontation a new window will be opened so that we can gain a novel and different view about some of theological narratives of Masnavi. What is emphasized as the result of this research are changes which take place due to the theological theme of narratives, especially in the action area of halter and helper. Proportional to their theological ideas, actants are sometimes aware of these changes and sometimes act unconsciously. Also, on the basis of Greimas’ theory and Actions Monotheism idea, the fundamental binary opposition in selected narratives of Man and God is considered as the real and unreal subjects whose objects can be in the same or opposite direction. In narratology, characters are considered as part of overall structure of text and are subject to predetermined actions. Thus, for analyzing characters, first of all, a pattern of their action area should be gained. Algirdas Julien Greimas is among those narratologists who gained such a pattern. Greimas believes his actant pattern is universal and compatible with any kind of narrative. On the other hand, the theme of narrative can somehow affect its structure. In this article, with respect to universality of Greimas’ pattern and its compatibility with any kind of narrative, some narratives of first and second book of Masnavi which have theological theme were selected to show what would happen during the confrontation of theological narratives and actant pattern as a part of structure, and through this confrontation a new window will be opened so that we can gain a novel and different view about some of theological narratives of Masnavi. What is emphasized as the result of this research are changes which take place due to the theological theme of narratives, especially in the action area of halter and helper. Proportional to their theological ideas, actants are sometimes aware of these changes and sometimes act unconsciously. Also, on the basis of Greimas’ theory and Actions Monotheism idea, the fundamental binary opposition in selected narratives of Man and God is considered as the real and unreal subjects whose objects can be in the same or opposite direction.

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_19300_be221ad629d9c91f6eb0ca455e3bafc6.pdf

University of Isfahan Textual Criticism of Persian Literature 2476-3268 3 3 2011 09 23 Aspects of Romanticism in Nafthat-al-Masdoor Aspects of Romanticism in Nafthat-al-Masdoor 47 60 19301 FA M Botlab Akbarabadi PhD candidate of Persian language and literature, University of Guilan M.A Khazanehdarloo Assistant Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Guilan Journal Article 2016 06 14 Romanticism is one of those schools which emerged in the 18th century with the slogan of free expression of individual sentiments, naturalism, primitivism, imaginary view and … versus the rationalistic thought of classicism. Nafthat-al-Masdoor, as a historical and literary text, has certain similarities to romantic principles and basics and this provides the base for critical view of Romanticism in this work according to its stylistic features. According to semantic point of view, factors like paying attention to personal emotions and free expression of them, interpretive view to the nature, relying on secondary imagination for describing objective matters, drawing utopia and also linguistic factors such as foregrounding literary aspect of the text by using literary techniques like simile, metaphor, allusion and …, long and repeated descriptions and symbolism are some factors which have given Nafthat-al-Masdoor a romantic style. This article does not want to inject certain thought by a positivist view, but it tries to establish a new view to a classic text by naming the common features of Nafthata-al-Masdoor and Romanticism and at the same time by emphasizing literary speech and historical context for surveying the ways of meaning formation. Romanticism is one of those schools which emerged in the 18th century with the slogan of free expression of individual sentiments, naturalism, primitivism, imaginary view and … versus the rationalistic thought of classicism. Nafthat-al-Masdoor, as a historical and literary text, has certain similarities to romantic principles and basics and this provides the base for critical view of Romanticism in this work according to its stylistic features. According to semantic point of view, factors like paying attention to personal emotions and free expression of them, interpretive view to the nature, relying on secondary imagination for describing objective matters, drawing utopia and also linguistic factors such as foregrounding literary aspect of the text by using literary techniques like simile, metaphor, allusion and …, long and repeated descriptions and symbolism are some factors which have given Nafthat-al-Masdoor a romantic style. This article does not want to inject certain thought by a positivist view, but it tries to establish a new view to a classic text by naming the common features of Nafthata-al-Masdoor and Romanticism and at the same time by emphasizing literary speech and historical context for surveying the ways of meaning formation.

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_19301_b4254705612f6efbb79f3c9125576706.pdf

University of Isfahan Textual Criticism of Persian Literature 2476-3268 3 3 2011 09 23 Rad and Mubad in Shahnameh of Ferdowsi Rad and Mubad in Shahnameh of Ferdowsi 61 74 19302 FA Z Delpazir MA student of Persian language and literature, University of Birjand A.A Shamian Saroukalaee Assistant Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Birjand M Rahimi Assistant Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Birjand Journal Article 2016 06 14 In Mazda’s tradition, gods, angels guarding the heavens and earth and any good thing created by Mazda are all entitled Rad. In most of the Zoroastrian scriptures and Pahlavi texts, Rad is also used as synonymous with Zoroastrian religious headman or spiritual leader. Rad is a frequently used term in Shahnameh to which the lexicographers have attributed various meanings, such as learned, wise, brave and champion. However, the important points overlooked by explicators are the relationship between Rad and Mubad (Zoroastrian priest) and the reason why these two words have co-occurred so frequently in Shahnameh, the most famous Persian national epic. It seems that Rad in Shahnameh, based on Avesta and Pahlavi texts, is often construed as Sadane or Dastoor that was a high position in ancient Iran’s religious hierarchy. Thus, Rads and Mubads were both considered members of religious communities. This study tries to investigate the role and position of Rads and Mubads and their relationship with one another, based on Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, in three chapters: The etymology of Rad; Rad in Shahnameh; The relationship between Rads and Mubads. In Mazda’s tradition, gods, angels guarding the heavens and earth and any good thing created by Mazda are all entitled Rad. In most of the Zoroastrian scriptures and Pahlavi texts, Rad is also used as synonymous with Zoroastrian religious headman or spiritual leader. Rad is a frequently used term in Shahnameh to which the lexicographers have attributed various meanings, such as learned, wise, brave and champion. However, the important points overlooked by explicators are the relationship between Rad and Mubad (Zoroastrian priest) and the reason why these two words have co-occurred so frequently in Shahnameh, the most famous Persian national epic. It seems that Rad in Shahnameh, based on Avesta and Pahlavi texts, is often construed as Sadane or Dastoor that was a high position in ancient Iran’s religious hierarchy. Thus, Rads and Mubads were both considered members of religious communities. This study tries to investigate the role and position of Rads and Mubads and their relationship with one another, based on Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, in three chapters: The etymology of Rad; Rad in Shahnameh; The relationship between Rads and Mubads.

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_19302_1f2f70dc97117be3c70d8bbf788158bd.pdf

University of Isfahan Textual Criticism of Persian Literature 2476-3268 3 3 2011 09 23 Fictional Elements: Bihaghi’s Tool for Criticizing Masoud Ghaznavi Government Fictional Elements: Bihaghi’s Tool for Criticizing Masoud Ghaznavi Government 75 94 19303 FA GH Sahraei Assistant Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Lorestan A Heydari Assistant Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Lorestan 0000-0002-9341-8793 M Mirzaei MA student of Persian language and literature, University of Lorestan Journal Article 2016 06 14 By interpreting fictional elements like scenery, setting and the voice of characters in Bihaghi History and by using association of meanings on the vertical and horizontal axes of language, this article tries to prove the hypothesis that Abolfazl Bihaghi used such elements not only to embellish his language but also to criticize Masoud Ghaznavi government and describe the unreliable milieu of his court. Thus, it can be argued that Bihaghi’s language is not simply conservative but also criticizing. This criticism targets the corruptions which lead to unreliability in Masoud Ghaznavi’s court. Of course, this kind of criticism is a smart one which conserves the status of the king By interpreting fictional elements like scenery, setting and the voice of characters in Bihaghi History and by using association of meanings on the vertical and horizontal axes of language, this article tries to prove the hypothesis that Abolfazl Bihaghi used such elements not only to embellish his language but also to criticize Masoud Ghaznavi government and describe the unreliable milieu of his court. Thus, it can be argued that Bihaghi’s language is not simply conservative but also criticizing. This criticism targets the corruptions which lead to unreliability in Masoud Ghaznavi’s court. Of course, this kind of criticism is a smart one which conserves the status of the king

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_19303_64c3cf39cae19848abe6a7e3550b2d40.pdf

University of Isfahan Textual Criticism of Persian Literature 2476-3268 3 3 2011 09 23 The Aesthetic Reflection of Prophets’ Life Story in Khaghani’s Poetry The Aesthetic Reflection of Prophets’ Life Story in Khaghani’s Poetry 95 108 19304 FA M Mohseni Assistant Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Mazandaran A Ghanipour Malek Shah Assistant Professor of Persian language and literature, University of Mazandaran H Moradi MA student of Persian language and literature, University of Mazandaran Journal Article 2016 06 14 The life and story of prophets, as perfect human beings with divine personality and humane demeanor, have been reflected in most of Persian literary texts and used as one of the richest sources of formation of different literary and artistic works as well as provided the best themes and images for poets and authors in Persian literature. The present article tries to investigate and analyze prophets’ life stories in Khaghani’s poetry. He used the life story of seventeen prophets; among them the life story of holy prophet Mohammad (PBUH) had the highest number of usage (allusion). He, indeed, used just a brief account of the prophets’ life stories in poetic form. But, most of the time, he referred to them in order to put forward a problem or address an issue; among which "panegyric" is a good example. To do so, the poet of Shirvan made use of such figurative devices as simile and hyperbole (overstatement). The life and story of prophets, as perfect human beings with divine personality and humane demeanor, have been reflected in most of Persian literary texts and used as one of the richest sources of formation of different literary and artistic works as well as provided the best themes and images for poets and authors in Persian literature. The present article tries to investigate and analyze prophets’ life stories in Khaghani’s poetry. He used the life story of seventeen prophets; among them the life story of holy prophet Mohammad (PBUH) had the highest number of usage (allusion). He, indeed, used just a brief account of the prophets’ life stories in poetic form. But, most of the time, he referred to them in order to put forward a problem or address an issue; among which "panegyric" is a good example. To do so, the poet of Shirvan made use of such figurative devices as simile and hyperbole (overstatement).

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_19304_320681fc8a6a26ec0dc54c7d212862b5.pdf

University of Isfahan Textual Criticism of Persian Literature 2476-3268 3 3 2011 09 23 Puzzle Script (Research in varieties and methods of encryption of letters) Puzzle Script (Research in varieties and methods of encryption of letters) 109 134 19305 FA M Mohammadi Fesharaki Assistant Professor of Persian language and literature, Isfahan University M Shirani PhD student of Persian language and literature, Isfahan University Journal Article 2016 06 14 حفظ اسرار دولتی در مکاتبات اداری از مسائل مهم حکومتها در همه دوره ها به حساب می آید وهرروز به اهمیت آن افزوده می شود، به طوری که دانشمندان کوشش می کنند، شیوه های تازه ای برای رمز کردن اطلاعات و کشف رمز نوشتجات خصم به دست آورند.امروز در دانش ریاضیات و رایانه رشته ها و گرایش هایی برای رمزنویسی ایجاد کرده اند.پیشینه این کار براساس منابع و اسنادی که به جا مانده است، به تمدن یونان برمی گردد.دربین برخی طبقات مردم همانند خلافکاران، زندانیان و گدایان حرفه ای نیز زبان های رمزی به کار می رود که Keeping governmental secrets in official letters is one of the important issues of governments in all periods and its importance increases every day so that scientists try to find new methods for encoding and decoding of information. Nowadays, in mathematics and computer science a number of fields and trends have been created for encryption. On the basis of sources and documents, the history of this practice goes back to Greek civilization. Some groups of people like criminals, prisoners and professional beggars use coded languages which linguists call them Argo. There is almost no scientific research about history and types of puzzle language and script in Persian literature, and even there is no entry for this issue in Persian encyclopedias. The main reasons of this are that, on the one hand, there are not enough sources and references about this issue and, on the other, the rules of such knowledge were not taught to people in fear of revealing the secrets. This article introduces not only the methods of encryption in Islamic culture but also encoding fonts, inks for invisible writing and the terminology of this science whose secrets have been hidden. حفظ اسرار دولتی در مکاتبات اداری از مسائل مهم حکومتها در همه دوره ها به حساب می آید وهرروز به اهمیت آن افزوده می شود، به طوری که دانشمندان کوشش می کنند، شیوه های تازه ای برای رمز کردن اطلاعات و کشف رمز نوشتجات خصم به دست آورند.امروز در دانش ریاضیات و رایانه رشته ها و گرایش هایی برای رمزنویسی ایجاد کرده اند.پیشینه این کار براساس منابع و اسنادی که به جا مانده است، به تمدن یونان برمی گردد.دربین برخی طبقات مردم همانند خلافکاران، زندانیان و گدایان حرفه ای نیز زبان های رمزی به کار می رود که Keeping governmental secrets in official letters is one of the important issues of governments in all periods and its importance increases every day so that scientists try to find new methods for encoding and decoding of information. Nowadays, in mathematics and computer science a number of fields and trends have been created for encryption. On the basis of sources and documents, the history of this practice goes back to Greek civilization. Some groups of people like criminals, prisoners and professional beggars use coded languages which linguists call them Argo. There is almost no scientific research about history and types of puzzle language and script in Persian literature, and even there is no entry for this issue in Persian encyclopedias. The main reasons of this are that, on the one hand, there are not enough sources and references about this issue and, on the other, the rules of such knowledge were not taught to people in fear of revealing the secrets. This article introduces not only the methods of encryption in Islamic culture but also encoding fonts, inks for invisible writing and the terminology of this science whose secrets have been hidden.

https://rpll.ui.ac.ir/article_19305_a010b5aee2fd2efe05124c34f8fd4320.pdf